Zworykin was a Russian-born American physicist and electronics engineer.
He is most famous for his work in developing and perfecting the electron microscope.
he is known for his contribution to advances in radio and television.
He helped develop the television camera and picture tube.
By 1929, his television camera had replaced the mechanical system developed in Britain by Baird.
From : Wiki
Millikan was a United States physicist. He won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1923 for being the first scientist to measure the charge of an electron.
He did an experiment, known as the oil drop experiment, in which he was able to measure the amount of an electric force,
and the size of an electric field acting on a charged droplet of oil.
From this he calculated the size of the charge carried by an electron.
During the 1920s Millikan researched into cosmic rays and showed that they come from space.
From : Wiki
Thomson was a British physicist.
He won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1906 for his work on gases. He also discovered the electron.
In 1895, he investigated the rays produced when an electric current passed through a vacuum in a glass tube.
The rays came from the negative end of the tube (the cathode)and were called cathode rays.
He showed that the rays consisted of particles (electrons) which were negatively charged and are found in every atom.
From : Wiki
Lodge was a British physicist.
He carried out experiments to produce and detect the electromagnetic radiation predicted by Maxwell in 1864.
In 1881, he became professor of physics at Liverpool University, where he carried out his experiments on electromagnetic waves and later worked to improve the reception of radio signals.
In 1900, he became the first principal of Birmingham University, and retired in 1919 because he wanted to study 'psychic phenomena'.
He strongly opposed Einstein's theory of general relativity in its early years.
From : Wiki
Oersted was a Danish physicist. He discovered that an electric current produces magnetism.
His public lectures and scientific demonstrations were very popular in Copenhagen.
It was during one of his lectures in 1820 that he accidentally discovered that an electric current changes the direction of a nearby compass needle.
From : Wiki
Maxwell was a British theoretical physicist.
He was the first to write down the laws of electricity and magnetism in mathematical form.
In 1864, he put Faraday's ideas into mathematical form and predicted the existence of electromagnetic radiation.
He is also famous for his work on the speeds of molecules in gases.
From : Wiki
Bernoulli was a Swiss doctor and mathematician. He showed that when the speed of a liquid increases, the pressure of the liquid drops.
In the same way air , flows faster over the curved upper surface of an aircraft wing than the air passing under the flatter lower surface.
This means that the air pressure below the wing is greater than the pressure above,which creates an upward lift.
From : Wiki
Alessandro Volta was an Italian scientist. In 1794, he explained why a frog's leg twitched when its muscles were touched with two different metals.
Volta showed that this was because an electric potential difference was produced between the two metals.
Potential difference is set up when there is a difference in charge between two point.
He then went on to make the first battery in 1800.
From : Wiki
Albert Einstein was a physicist who was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879; he become a Swiss citizen in 1901 and left Germany for the United States in 1933, where he died in 1955.
He is most famous for developing the theory of Relativity, out of which came the famous equation E=mc².
In 1905 he suggested that light is absorted in the form of packets of Energy, now called photons; for this he received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.
Also in 1905 he developed the special theory of relativity and later, in 1915, he arrived at the general theory of relativity.
These theories are the basis for all our ideas about the history and structure of the Universe.
Einstein's work on photons helped to found Quantum Theory, although he disagreed with some of the later work on this subject.
From : Wiki
Thomas Alva Edison was responsible for over 1000 inventions. He was born in Milan, Ohio, in the United States.
When he was only ten years old, he setup his own chemistry laboratory in his basement.
In the 1860s he worked as a Telegraph operator in the united States and Canada.
In 1876, the profits he made from selling telegraphic printers he had invented, enabled him to set up a laboratory.
A year later, he invented the phonograph, a type of record player that used wax cylinders instead of discs.
He first recording was of himself saying the rhyme 'mary had a little lamb'.
In 1879, he demonstrated the first successful electric Light Bulb.
He discovered that electricity would flow from the bulb's glowing filament onto a metal plate inside the bulb.
This is known as the 'Edison Effect'. It later led to the invention by other people of the radio tube, or valve.
From : Wiki
James Watson (1928- )and Francis Crick (1916- )
In 1953, They discovered the structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)the substance that transmits genetic information from one generation to the next.
They showed the shape of the molecule and worked out how the individual components of DNA were joined together.
Watson and Crick won a Nobel Prize for their work, which changed the science of genetics.
From Wiki James Watson - Francis Crick
Rene Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician and natural scientist who invented analytical Geometry and
was the first philosopher to describe the Universe as he saw it in term of mind and matter. He worked out laws of motion.
Descartes rejected the idea that everything we observe is false or a dream by saying that, because we have thoughts, we exist
His Latin Motto, 'cogito,ergo sum' (i thing, there fore i am), is famous. It means that because we have thoughts, we exist.
Descartes' approach to science was to question everything. He worked out thing for himself from the beginning.
Born at La Haye, in France, Descartes was brought up as a Jesuit, travelled widely, and fought in several wars.
From 1628 to 1649 he lived in the Netherlands. He died on a visit to Sweden in 1650.
From: Wiki
Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829)was and English scientist, best remembered for his invention of the miner's safety lamp in 1815.
His lamp prevented the explosion of air containing methane, or fire-damp, a gas common in coal mines.
The lamp's flame was protected by a fine wire mesh to separate it from the explosive gases.
Davy was born and educated in Cornwall, England. When he left school, he went to work for a doctor.
He gave this up and took charge of a laboratory in Bristol Where he studied the effects of gases on people.
He discovered that nitrous oxide (laughing gas ) could be used as an anesthetic.
Later, in London, he studied how electricity is stored in batteries.
He also discovered that materials could be separated into their Elements by passing an electric current through them.
From : Wiki
Charles Darwin was born in England in 1809 and became one of the world's most famous naturalists.
He was the first person to give a workable explanation of Evolution.
During a five-year voyage around the world, he studied animals and plants in many countries and he was impressed by their great variety.
He observed what he called the struggle for existence, with each organism struggling to get food and avoid being eaten,
and he realized that only those individuals best fitted or suited to their surroundings could survive.
Here was an explanation for the great variety of plant and animal life throughout the world:
conditions vary enormously from place to place and living things have gradually changed to suit these different conditions and habitats.
On his return home, he set about collecting more evidence and in 1859 he published his ideas in his famous book called
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
Darwin's ideas met a lot of opposition at first, but were gradually accepted by most people and are still the basis of the theory of evolution today.
Darwin died in 1882 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, in London.
(The Theory of Evolution)
Darwin Developed the theory of evolution gradually.
His observations during the voyage on HMS Beagle and other expeditions contributed to his ideas.
He published his theory in On the Origin of Species in 1859.
At first the theory met with great opposition - especially among religious leaders and Darwin was ridiculed in cartoons
because people mistakenly thought he had said that human beings are descended from monkeys.
from wiki
Fred Hoyle A British cosmologist who with other proposed the steady state theory.
This states that the Universe has always existed and that new matter is constantly being created to fill the space left as the Universe expands.
Hoyle also writes science fiction.
Source : Wiki
Nicolaus Copernicus
A Polish canon or priest, proposed that the SUN and not the Earth is at the centre of the Universe.
This was dangerous teaching at a time when the Bible was believed to prove that the Earth is the central and most important body of all.
Like Aristarchus 1800 years earlier, it made him unpopular.
He published his theory in a book which very few people bought or read, but the fact that it existed was enough to start others discussing the theory.
However,proof did not come until the century after Copernicus died. His theory was not completely accurate.
First, He believed that the planets move in circles instead of ellipses.
Second, he thought that the stars are dim objects not much farther off than the outermost planet then known, Saturn.
In other words he thought that the Sun was really at the centre of the Universe instead of being an average star in a huge Galaxy.
Source : Wiki
Kirchhoff was a German physicist. in 1845, he worked out a set of laws called Kirchhoff's laws.
These laws made it possible to work out the amount of current flowing at any point in a network of electric conductors.
He also showed that alternating current in an electric conductor with no resistance travels at the speed of light.
With the German chemist Robert Bunsen he developed the modern spectroscope.
They used the spectroscope and a prism specially designed by Kirchhoff to analyse substances.
In 1860, they showed that when metal compounds are heated in a flame, each gives off a spectrum particular to the metal.
It was by using this technique that Kirchhoff and Bunsen discovered the elements caesium and rubidium.
From laws he developed about the emission and absorption of radiation, he suggested the concept of the black body.
This was a key step in the development of the branch of physics known as quantum mechanics.
Source :Wiki
Harvey was an English physician. He was the first to accurately describe the circulation of the blood.
He showed that blood moves around the body in only one direction along arteries and veins.
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Weismann was one of the founders of the science of genetics.
He realized that something in the germ cells, contained in the sexual organs,
was passed on to the next generation controlling their heredity. He found that in born characteristics of both parents,
such as height and eye colour, were combined in their offspring but that acquired characteristics were not inherited.
He showed that offspring of mice which had
Had their tails cut off were born with normal tails.
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Thomas Hunt Morgan
An American zoologist and geneticist, he won the Nobel prize for Physiology in 1930 for his work linking.
Chromosomes and heredity. His experiments with the fruit fly Drosophila showed that the genes,
the units of heredity, were carried on the chromosome.
He later showed that the position of the genes on the chromosome controlled inherited characteristics.
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